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.is-style-cnvs-paragraph-callout{font-family:Montserrat;font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-0.05em;text-transform:none;}.entry-content .pk-dropcap:first-letter, p.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{font-family:Montserrat;font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;}.entry-content blockquote, .wp-block-quote, .wp-block-pullquote p{font-family:Montserrat;font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-0.05em;text-transform:none;}#search input[type="search"]{font-family:Montserrat!important;font-size:3rem!important;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-0.05em!important;text-transform:none!important;}.topbar .navbar{height:40px;}.header .site-title{font-family:Montserrat;font-size:2.5rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-0.1rem;line-height:1;text-transform:none;}.header .site-description{font-family:Montserrat;font-size:0.875rem;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.014em;text-transform:none;}.navbar-primary .navbar{height:67px;}.offcanvas .offcanvas-header{flex:0 0 50px;}.offcanvas .navbar-offcanvas{height:50px;}.offcanvas-header .navbar .navbar-brand{font-family:Montserrat;font-size:1.375rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-0.045em;line-height:1;text-transform:none;}.button-primary, .wp-block-button:not(.is-style-squared) .wp-block-button__link, .wp-block-search .wp-block-search__button, .pk-button, .pk-about-button, .pk-zoom-icon-popup:after, .pk-pin-it, .entry-content .pk-dropcap:first-letter, .pk-social-links-template-vertical .pk-social-links-link, .pk-share-buttons-before-post .pk-share-buttons-link, .pk-share-buttons-after-post .pk-share-buttons-link, .pk-instagram-follow, .pk-twitter-follow, .pk-scroll-to-top, .widget-area .pk-subscribe-with-name input[type="text"], .widget-area .pk-subscribe-with-name button, .widget-area .pk-subscribe-with-bg input[type="text"], .widget-area .pk-subscribe-with-bg button, .entry-content .pk-share-buttons-wrap .pk-share-buttons-link, .adp-button, .abr-badge-primary{-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}.cs-input-group-btn button, .pk-subscribe-form-wrap button{border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0;}@media ( min-width: 768px ){.pk-tabs-horizontal .pk-nav-link.pk-active{border-bottom-color:#FFFFFF;}.pk-tabs-vertical .pk-nav-tabs .pk-nav-link.pk-active{border-right-color:#FFFFFF;}.pk-tabs-horizontal .pk-nav-tabs, .cnvs-block-tabs .cnvs-block-tabs-buttons{border-bottom-color:#EEEEEE;}.pk-tabs-vertical .pk-nav-tabs, .cnvs-block-tabs.cnvs-block-tabs-vertical .cnvs-block-tabs-buttons{border-right-color:#EEEEEE;}}@media (max-width: 1019px){.layout-sidebar .content-area{border-bottom-color:#EEEEEE;}}@media (min-width: 760px){.sidebar-area .sidebar-2{border-left-color:#EEEEEE;}}@media ( min-width: 970px ){.header-enabled .navbar-primary:not(.sticky-nav-slide) .navbar{border-top-width:1px;border-top-style:solid;}.header-col{height:100px;}.site-main > article > .section-carousel h2{font-size:1rem;}}@media (max-width: 719px){.pk-subscribe-with-name input[type="text"], .pk-subscribe-with-name button, .pk-subscribe-with-bg input[type="text"], .pk-subscribe-with-bg button{-webkit-border-radius:0;-moz-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;}}@media ( min-width: 1020px ){.home .section-tiles .tiles-outer, .blog .section-tiles .tiles-outer{min-height:570px;}.home .section-tiles .tile-primary h2, .blog .section-tiles .tile-primary h2{font-size:2.5rem;letter-spacing:-.15rem;}}@media ( min-width: 760px ){.home .section-tiles .tiles-outer, .blog .section-tiles .tiles-outer{grid-gap:2px;}.home .section-tiles h2, .blog .section-tiles h2{font-size:1.5rem;letter-spacing:-.1rem;}}/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Italic'), local('Lato-Italic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u8w4BMUTPHjxsAUi-sNiXg7eU0.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Italic'), local('Lato-Italic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u8w4BMUTPHjxsAXC-sNiXg7Q.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold Italic'), local('Lato-BoldItalic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u_w4BMUTPHjxsI5wq_FQfrx9897sxZ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold Italic'), local('Lato-BoldItalic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u_w4BMUTPHjxsI5wq_Gwfrx9897g.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Regular'), local('Lato-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6uyw4BMUTPHjxAwWCWtFCfQ7A.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Regular'), local('Lato-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6uyw4BMUTPHjx4wWCWtFCc.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold'), local('Lato-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwaPHw3q5d0N7w.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold'), local('Lato-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwiPHw3q5d0.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WRhzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459W1hzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WZhzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WdhzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WlhzSTh89Y.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Italic'), local('Lato-Italic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u8w4BMUTPHjxsAUi-sNiXg7eU0.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Italic'), local('Lato-Italic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u8w4BMUTPHjxsAXC-sNiXg7Q.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold Italic'), local('Lato-BoldItalic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u_w4BMUTPHjxsI5wq_FQfrx9897sxZ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: italic;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold Italic'), local('Lato-BoldItalic'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u_w4BMUTPHjxsI5wq_Gwfrx9897g.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Regular'), local('Lato-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6uyw4BMUTPHjxAwWCWtFCfQ7A.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Regular'), local('Lato-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6uyw4BMUTPHjx4wWCWtFCc.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold'), local('Lato-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwaPHw3q5d0N7w.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Lato';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Lato Bold'), local('Lato-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/lato/S6u9w4BMUTPHh6UVSwiPHw3q5d0.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 300;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Light'), local('Montserrat-Light'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_cJD3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WRhzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459W1hzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WZhzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WdhzSTh89ZNpQ.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 400;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Regular'), local('Montserrat-Regular'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTUSjIg1_i6t8kCHKm459WlhzSTh89Y.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 500;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Medium'), local('Montserrat-Medium'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_ZpC3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 600;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat SemiBold'), local('Montserrat-SemiBold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_bZF3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}
/* cyrillic-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gTD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0460-052F, U+1C80-1C88, U+20B4, U+2DE0-2DFF, U+A640-A69F, U+FE2E-FE2F;
}
/* cyrillic */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3g3D-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0400-045F, U+0490-0491, U+04B0-04B1, U+2116;
}
/* vietnamese */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gbD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0102-0103, U+0110-0111, U+0128-0129, U+0168-0169, U+01A0-01A1, U+01AF-01B0, U+1EA0-1EF9, U+20AB;
}
/* latin-ext */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gfD-Px3rCubqg.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0100-024F, U+0259, U+1E00-1EFF, U+2020, U+20A0-20AB, U+20AD-20CF, U+2113, U+2C60-2C7F, U+A720-A7FF;
}
/* latin */
@font-face {
font-family: 'Montserrat';
font-style: normal;
font-weight: 700;
font-display: swap;
src: local('Montserrat Bold'), local('Montserrat-Bold'), url(https://tjen-folket.no/wp-content/fonts/montserrat/JTURjIg1_i6t8kCHKm45_dJE3gnD-Px3rCs.woff) format('woff');
unicode-range: U+0000-00FF, U+0131, U+0152-0153, U+02BB-02BC, U+02C6, U+02DA, U+02DC, U+2000-206F, U+2074, U+20AC, U+2122, U+2191, U+2193, U+2212, U+2215, U+FEFF, U+FFFD;
}</style></head>
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<article data-scroll="" id="post-12817" class="post-12817 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-historie tag-hoyreopportunisme tag-nord-korea-nb tag-tolinjekamp">
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<li><a href="https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/category/historie/" rel="category tag">Historie</a></li></ul></div> <h1 class="entry-title">Augustepisoden: Kampen mot høyrelinja i Koreas Arbeiderparti</h1> <ul class="post-meta"><li class="meta-date"><a href="https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/2020/03/27/augustepisoden-kampen-mot-hoyrelinja-i-koreas-arbeiderparti/" rel="bookmark">27. mars 2020</a></li></ul> </div>
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<p><strong> Illustrasjonsbilde: Kim Il-sung (t.v.), en del av
høyrelinja, hører på en tale av Kim Tu-bong (t.h.), en del av
venstrelinja, under en kongress i 1948.</strong></p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator is-cnvs-separator-id-1598945713767">
<p><em>Av en kommentator for Tjen Folket Media</em>.</p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator is-cnvs-separator-id-1598945713770">
<p></p>
<p>
Denne artikkelen vil forsøke å gi et lite innblikk i et viktig øyeblikk i
den koreanske kommunistbevegelsens historie og linjekampen som
foregikk. Dette er ikke et fullstendig overblikk, og artikkelen kan som
følger inneholde mangler. </p>
<p>Denne artikkelen vil heller ikke ta for seg en omfattende
politisk-ideologisk kritikk av høyrelinja i Koreas Arbeiderparti. Den
koreanske kommunistbevegelsens historie er noe som bør studeres
grundigere, og forhåpentligvis kan denne teksten tjenestegjøre som et
utgangspunkt for videre studier og diskusjon.</p>
<p>Sitatene som er brukt i denne teksten er våre oversettelser.</p>
<hr class="wp-block-separator is-cnvs-separator-id-1585332434173">
<p> Det er tre år siden Korea-krigen og motsetningene i samlingspartiet
‘Koreas Arbeiderparti’ når et kokepunkt. På det andre plenumet til
partiets tredje sentralkomité når kampen mellom høyre og venstre i
partiet et høydepunkt. Denne kulmineringen av kampen mellom høyre og
venstre, kjent som ‘Augustepisoden’, kom til å få katastrofale følger
for venstrelinja i partiet. </p>
<h2>Konteksten</h2>
<p>
I 1910 ble Korea okkupert av det stadig utvidende japanske imperiet.
Okkupasjonsmakten førte en hard kampanje for å underkue det koreanske
folket, og militær og politi begikk en rekke blodige massakre. Etter ni
år med okkupasjon, brøt det ut en voldsom frigjøringsbevegelse, best
kjent som 1. mars-bevegelsen.</p>
<p>Men protestbevegelsen ble brutalt slått ned på av den japanske
okkupasjonsmakten, og mange som deltok i bevegelsen ble tvunget i eksil,
blant annet til Kina. Blant disse har vi flere nøkkelpersoner som kom
til å bli viktige for venstrelinja i Koreas Arbeiderparti, omlag tjuefem
år senere.</p>
<p>Det var rundt denne tiden at Kinas Kommunistiske Parti (KKP) ble
stiftet, og etterhvert som kommunistbevegelsen vokste, ble også en del
eksil-koreanere med i partiet. En av dem var Mu Chŏng.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12818" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.jpg?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C523&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C79&ssl=1 120w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C59&ssl=1 90w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C209&ssl=1 320w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mu-Chong-2-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C366&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" data-recalc-dims="1" width="1024" height="670"><figcaption> Mu Chŏng, høsten 1944.</figcaption></figure>
<p> Han var til å begynne med soldat i den åttende rutearmé i den
kinesiske frigjøringskrigen mot Japan. Han utmerket seg både militært og
politisk, noe som gjorde at han fikk stor tillit i partiet. Etterhvert
ble han øverste kommandant for De Koreanske Frivilliges Hær, som deltok i
den kinesiske folkekrigen i kampen mot Japan, men også mot Kuomintang.
Partiet så på Mu Chŏng som en potensiell fremtidig leder for den
koreanske kommunistbevegelsen.<span id="easy-footnote-1-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-1-12817" data-hasqtip="0" oldtitle="International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny&nbsp; of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 6." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-0"><sup>1</sup></a></span></p>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/korean-volunteers-nettsida.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12819" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?w=2414&ssl=1 2414w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=800%2C537&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=1160%2C778&ssl=1 1160w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=1536%2C1030&ssl=1 1536w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=2048%2C1374&ssl=1 2048w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=120%2C80&ssl=1 120w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=90%2C60&ssl=1 90w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=320%2C215&ssl=1 320w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=560%2C376&ssl=1 560w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?resize=1920%2C1288&ssl=1 1920w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/korean-volunteers-nettsida.jpg?w=2320 2320w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="2414" height="1619"><figcaption>Koreanske frivillige i Kina, 1938.</figcaption></figure>
<p> Etterhvert stiftet både koreanere og eksil-koreanerne organisasjoner
for motstand mot den japanske okkupasjonen av Korea. Flere av disse
drev aktiv geriljakamp mot okkupasjonsmakten, og noen fikk direkte
støtte fra de kinesiske kommunistene. </p>
<p>
I løpet av andre verdenskrig, frigjorde Sovjetunionen den nordlige
halvdelen av Korea, mens USA okkuperte den sørlige. Forhandlingene om et
samlet Korea mislykkes, og landet ble delt i et sosialistisk nord,
styrt av det nystiftede samlingspartiet ‘Koreas Arbeiderparti’ med Kim
Tu-bong som formann, og et kapitalistisk sør styrt av USA-marionetten
Syngman Rhee.</p>
<p>I 1948 trakk den sovjetiske røde armé seg ut av Korea. Det gjorde
også mesteparten av de amerikanske styrkene året etter. Men gnisningene
mellom nord og sør blusset snart opp i flammer, og den 25. juni 1950
brøt det igjen ut til krig. Med Sovjet og Kina som støttespillere for
folkerepublikken i nord, og med USA, FN og en rekke andre som
støttespillere for republikken i sør.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12820" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C533&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?resize=1160%2C773&ssl=1 1160w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C80&ssl=1 120w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C60&ssl=1 90w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C213&ssl=1 320w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kinesiske-frivillige-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C373&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="1200" height="800"><figcaption>Kinesiske frivillige krysser grenseelva Yalu, på vei til Korea, 1950.</figcaption></figure>
<p> Året før Korea-krigen brøt ut, ble Kim Il-sung valgt som formann i
stedet for Kim Tu-bong. Kim Il-sung var lederen for høyrelinja i
partiet. Allerede under krigen begynte de å konsolidere makten sin, og
Kim Il-sung innledet en utrenskningskampanje mot den røde linja, som han
så på som en trussel. Han la spesielt fokuset på å kvitte seg med
representanter for venstrelinja som hadde viktige verv i folkehæren. </p>
<div class="wp-block-columns">
<div class="wp-block-column">
<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12822" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?w=1318&ssl=1 1318w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=800%2C1060&ssl=1 800w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=1160%2C1537&ssl=1 1160w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=1159%2C1536&ssl=1 1159w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=120%2C160&ssl=1 120w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=90%2C120&ssl=1 90w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=320%2C424&ssl=1 320w, https://i0.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Kim-Tu-bong-artikkel-1.jpg?resize=560%2C742&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="1318" height="1746"><figcaption>Kim Tu-bong, ukjent dato.</figcaption></figure></div>
</div>
<div class="wp-block-column">
<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/kim-il-sung-1953-portrett-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12823" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-1953-portrett-artikkel.jpg?w=602&ssl=1 602w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-1953-portrett-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C160&ssl=1 120w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-1953-portrett-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C120&ssl=1 90w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-1953-portrett-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C424&ssl=1 320w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-1953-portrett-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C742&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 602px) 100vw, 602px" data-recalc-dims="1" width="602" height="798"><figcaption>Kim Il-sung, 1953.</figcaption></figure></div>
</div>
</div>
<p> Mu Chŏng var blant de fremste lederne for venstrelinja, og dermed
var han blant de første som ble drevet ut. Allerede i desember 1950
mistet han vervet sitt som nestkommanderende i folkehæren<span id="easy-footnote-2-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-2-12817" data-hasqtip="1" oldtitle="<a href="https://books.google.no/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT118&amp;lpg=PT118&amp;dq=%22Mu+Ch%C5%8Fng%22+%22purge%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=QuazMR0SKP&amp;sig=ACfU3U1lfPKPoiidMJb3j_FkxkLGXLZNlA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwi64fOnmqzoAhXikIsKHXGhDAMQ6AEwBHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Mu%20Ch%C5%8Fng%22%20%22purge%22&amp;f=false">A misunderstood friendship : Mao Zedong, Kim Il-Sung, and Sino-North Korean relations, 1949-1976</a>" title="" aria-describedby="qtip-1"><sup>2</sup></a></span>,
og han døde knappe to år senere. Den røde linja, som i utgangspunktet
var svært dominerende i folkehæren, hadde bare et fåtall igjen med
viktige verv innen krigens slutt. Noe som senere kom til å få fatale
konsekvenser. </p>
<h2> Bristepunktet </h2>
<p>
Året er 1956. Kontrarevolusjonens år. Kapitalistvandrerne kupper makten i
Sovjetunionen og de østeuropeiske landene. I februar holder Nikita
Khrusjtsjov sin “hemmelige tale” der han tar et oppgjør med den nylig
avdøde Stalin og med marxismen-leninismen. Venstrelinja i Sovjetunionens
Kommunistiske Parti (bolsjevikene) blir systematisk rensket ut,
fengslet og drept. Det lå i kortene at høyrelinja i Koreas Arbeiderparti
kom til å forsøke på noe i samme baner.</p>
<p>I april arrangerer partiet sin tredje kongress, og her begynner den
stadig tilspissende motsigelsen mellom høyre og venstre å komme til
uttrykk. Men forsøk på å ta opp kritikk blir aktivt sabotert. De
innsendte tekstene som skulle bli utgangspunktet for diskusjon, blir
hensynsløst revidert av møteledelsen<span id="easy-footnote-3-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-3-12817" data-hasqtip="2" oldtitle="<a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 7." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-2"><sup>3</sup></a></span>, som igjen var dominert av høyrelinja.</p>
<p>Fire måneder etter Khrusjtsjovs “hemmelige tale”, reiser Kim Il-sung
sammen med en statsdelegasjon på besøk til Sovjet og Øst-Europa, der de
blant annet har møte med Khrusjtsjov. Samtidig begynner venstrelinja i
hjemlandet å forberede seg på et oppgjør med høyrelinja i sitt eget
parti, den som var ledet av Kim Il-sung.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12824" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?w=1300&ssl=1 1300w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C508&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?resize=1160%2C737&ssl=1 1160w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C76&ssl=1 120w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C57&ssl=1 90w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C203&ssl=1 320w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kim-il-sung-sovjet-1956-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C356&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="1300" height="826"><figcaption>Kim Il-sung på besøk i Moskva, juni 1956.</figcaption></figure>
<p> Forsvarsministeren Choi Yong-kun, en hengiven pådriver for
høyrelinja, får rede på hva venstrelinja forbereder seg på. Han sender
et hastetelegram til Kim Il-sung der han skildrer venstrelinjas
aktivitet.<span id="easy-footnote-4-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-4-12817" data-hasqtip="3" oldtitle="International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny&nbsp; of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 10." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-3"><sup>4</sup></a></span> Som respons, satte Kim Il-sung i verk drastiske tiltak.</p>
<p>Partiets generalforsamling ble utsatt fra 2. august til den 30.
august, og åpningen av forsamlingen ble varslet bare én dag i forveien. I
hemmelighet beordret Kim Il-sung hæren til å stasjonerte kampklare
tropper langs grensa.<span id="easy-footnote-5-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-5-12817" data-hasqtip="4" oldtitle="Ibid, side 10." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-4"><sup>5</sup></a></span> Soldater i sivil bekledning ble sendt til alle deler av hovedstaden Pyongyang.<span id="easy-footnote-6-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-6-12817" data-hasqtip="5" oldtitle="<a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 10." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-5"><sup>6</sup></a></span> I tillegg ble to hærdivisjoner utplassert nord for byen.</p>
<p>Det hele var et opportunistisk og utspekulert stunt for å forvirre og
skremme venstresida i partiet, i et forsøk på å sette dem ut av spill.
Som følger av dette var stemningen i det plenumet startet, men forøvrig
også i Pyongyang generelt, svært amper. Men den røde linja nektet å la
seg kue.</p>
<p>Kim Il-sung innledet forsamlingen med en rapport om
statsdelegasjonens tur til Sovjetunionen og de østeuropeiske landene,
men endret brått tema i slutten av innlegget. De avsluttende ordene var
som et klart forvarsel til hva som var i vente for opposisjonen. Om man
tok opp kritikk, var man å regnes som fiende av partiet.</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p> […] fiender prøver å splitte
partiet, og prøver med dette å framprovosere en konflikt mellom oss og
de allierte landene. Derfor er det nødvendig å være stadig mer årvåkne.<span id="easy-footnote-7-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-7-12817" data-hasqtip="6" oldtitle="Ibid, side 11." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-6"><sup>7</sup></a></span> </p><cite>Kim Il-sung, det innledende innlegget på den tredje sentralkomiteens andre plenum, august 1956.</cite></blockquote>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12825" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C529&ssl=1 800w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?resize=1160%2C768&ssl=1 1160w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C79&ssl=1 120w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C60&ssl=1 90w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C212&ssl=1 320w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/3rd-party-congress-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C371&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="1200" height="794"><figcaption>Kim Il-sung taler på den tredje partikongressen, april 1956.</figcaption></figure>
<p> Det neste innlegget var av Yun Gong-heum, en del av venstrelinja.
Mens han holdt innlegget sitt, ble han forsøkt avbrutt flere ganger av
at et tjuetalls representanter for høyrelinja reiste seg og begynte å
rope og brøle.<span id="easy-footnote-8-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-8-12817" data-hasqtip="7" oldtitle="Ibid, side 11. " title="" aria-describedby="qtip-7"><sup>8</sup></a></span> Men han forsøkte å fortsette innlegget likevel. Over ropene kunne man til å begynne med høre bruddstykker:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p> Trusler og overvåkning blir brukt
mot våre kamerater. Mot kamerater som er dedikert til partiet og til
saken. Mot kamerater som tar opp konstruktiv kritikk og forslag. […]
[Kim Il-sung] tråkker på det interne demokratiet i partiet og
undertrykker kritikk. Denne oppførselen står i fullstendig motsetning
til partiets karakter og de leninistiske normene for det indre
partilivet. Det undergraver de revolusjonære marxist-leninistiske
prinsippene.<span id="easy-footnote-9-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-9-12817" data-hasqtip="8" oldtitle="<a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120175.pdf?v=f81ee1c00f322b47b87d5852e78ddcaa">Draft of a Statement by Yun Gong-heum at the CC Plenum of the Korean Workers&#8217; Party in August 1956</a>, side 2." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-8"><sup>9</sup></a></span></p></blockquote>
<p>
Som følger av høyrelinjas aktive sabotasje ble stemningen i salen
kaotisk. Kim Il-sung og møteledelsen gjorde ingenting for å gripe inn og
sette en stopper for uroen. Tvert imot, oppfordret de til det, ved å
bli med på å rope mot Yun Gong-heum. Det var klart at dette hadde de
organisert og øvd på i forkant. </p>
<p>Innlegget ble etterhvert fullstendig overdøvd. Så foreslo Kim Il-sung
at det ikke var noen hensikt med å gi “reaksjonære som er mot partiet”
muligheten til å tale, og at diskusjonen skulle avsluttes.</p>
<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12826" srcset="https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.jpg?w=948&ssl=1 948w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C1112&ssl=1 800w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C167&ssl=1 120w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C125&ssl=1 90w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C445&ssl=1 320w, https://i2.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Choe-Chang-ik-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C779&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 341px) 100vw, 341px" data-recalc-dims="1" width="341" height="473"><figcaption>Choe Chang-ik, 1948.</figcaption></figure></div>
<p>
Choe Chang-ik, en av de ledende fra venstrelinja, foreslo så vel som
flere andre at diskusjonen burde fortsette. Men også de ble utskjelt og
trakassert. Møteledelsen viet ingen oppmerksomhet til dette forslaget,
og gikk til avstemning på forslaget til Kim Il-sung ganske kjapt. I
avstemningen ble det flertall for at det skulle settes en stopper
for diskusjonen.</p>
<p>Under ettermiddagsplenumet var det Choe Chang-ik’s tur på
talerstolen. Sterkt preget av hendelsene ved formiddagsplenumet, var han
ute av stand til å få frem budskapet sitt. For igjen begynte
bråkmakerne å rope, kjefte og smelle.</p>
<h2> Konsekvensene </h2>
<p> Neste dag la Kim Il-sung først frem forslaget om å ekskludere flere
av venstrelinja fra sentralkomiteen, deriblant Choe Chang-ik.<span id="easy-footnote-10-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-10-12817" data-hasqtip="9" oldtitle="International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny&nbsp; of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 11." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-9"><sup>10</sup></a></span>
Deretter foreslo han å ekskludere flere av dem fra partiet. Majoriteten
stemte for og begge forslagene ble dermed vedtatt. I tillegg til
høyrelinja stemte også en del sentrister for, i frykt for at de kom til å
bli neste ut.</p>
<p>I en samtale med en sovjetisk diplomat en måned tidligere, berettet
Choe Chang-ik om et av problemene i partiet. Nemlig den ukorrekte måten
partiledelsen velger partimedlemmer til verv på. Istedenfor å velge folk
ut fra marxist-leninistiske prinsipper og ut fra ferdighetene deres,
velges de basert på lojaliteten til høyrelinja.<span id="easy-footnote-11-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-11-12817" data-hasqtip="10" oldtitle="<a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114132.pdf?v=ad38bf8a15c6aea7e57c4fcfb4095351">Memorandum of Conversation with Choe Chang-ik</a>, side 2." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-10"><sup>11</sup></a></span>
Dette kan være med på å forklare at flertallet på plenumet støttet
forslagene til Kim Il-sung, til tross for at venstrelinja utgjorde
majoriteten av partiet.<span id="easy-footnote-12-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-12-12817" data-hasqtip="11" oldtitle="International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny&nbsp; of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 18." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-11"><sup>12</sup></a></span></p>
<p>Med det var møtet hevet for dagen. Når de kom hjem, oppdaget flere fra venstrelinja at telefonlinjene deres hadde blitt kuttet.<span id="easy-footnote-13-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-13-12817" data-hasqtip="12" oldtitle="<a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 12." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-12"><sup>13</sup></a></span>
Det gikk opp for de at de sannsynligvis kom til å bli arrestert iløpet
av kvelden. Fire av disse flyktet til Kina i løpet av natten, og sendte
et brev om krisen i partiet til politbyrået i sentralkomiteen til KKP. I
brevet skriver de i tillegg til en kritikk av den koreanske ledelsen
blant annet om årsaken til at de flyktet til Kina:</p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p> Vi mener at det ikke ville gagnet revolusjonen om Kim Il-sung hadde arrestert og henrettet oss.<span id="easy-footnote-14-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-14-12817" data-hasqtip="13" oldtitle="Ibid, side 12." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-13"><sup>14</sup></a></span> </p></blockquote>
<p> I desember startet høyrelinja en fem måneders lang
utrenskningskampanje, der omlag 300 medlemmer som tilhørte
venstreopposisjonen ble ekskludert fra partiet.<span id="easy-footnote-15-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-15-12817" data-hasqtip="14" oldtitle="International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny&nbsp; of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 14." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-14"><sup>15</sup></a></span>
Ettersom venstrelinja hadde mistet så mye innflytelse i hæren, var det
kun et fåtall generaler igjen, som ble rensket ut i slutten av ‘56.</p>
<p>Det hele vakte reaksjoner, både i Kina og Sovjet. Mao møtte på et
tidspunkt en delegasjon fra Koreas Arbeiderparti, der han tok opp
kritikk av håndteringen av det som kom til å bli kalt “augustepisoden”.
Han oppfordret de til å opprette dialog med kamerater med ulike meninger
gjennom saklige diskusjoner i en generalforsamling, og å løslate de
arresterte kameratene, samt å gi de tilbake vervene sine.</p>
<p>Både kinesiske og sovjetiske diplomater oppfordret Kim Il-sung på det
sterkeste til ikke å utføre henrettelsen av blant annet Pak Hon-yong,
et av de ekskluderte medlemmene. Kim Il-sung svarte at han var enig på
hvert av punktene som ble tatt opp med han og med partidelegasjonen. Men
på tross av dette ble det ingen endringer, og Pak Hon-yong ble likevel
henrettet.</p>
<p>Under generalforsamlinga til partiet i januar 1957, ble Kim Tu-bong
igjen utsatt for hard kritikk, og fratatt alle sine verv. Året etter
forsvant han. Sannsynligvis ble han henrettet eller drept i et forsøk på
å komme seg over grensa til Kina. Choe Chang-ik, sammen med en rekke
andre fra den røde linja, ble også bortført og henrettet.<span id="easy-footnote-16-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-16-12817" data-hasqtip="15" oldtitle="<a href="https://books.google.no/books?id=yEyWDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA33&amp;dq=choe+chang-ik+disappeared&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwj50dqO3rDoAhUriIsKHUB4B1kQ6AEIOzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=choe%20chang-ik%20disappeared&amp;f=false">Inside North Korea’s Theocracy: The Rise and Sudden Fall of Jang Song-thaek</a>, side 33." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-15"><sup>16</sup></a></span></p>
<p>Sommeren samme år ble enda flere partimedlemmer arrestert da de óg
forsøkte å ta seg over grensa. Enda en gruppe led samme skjebne da de
forsøkte på det samme i oktober.<span id="easy-footnote-17-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-17-12817" data-hasqtip="16" oldtitle="International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny&nbsp; of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 15." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-16"><sup>17</sup></a></span></p>
<p>Kim Il-sung og høyrelinja i Koreas Arbeiderparti hadde utradert
ledelsen for den røde linja, med hard represjon og reaksjonær vold. Det
ble med det klart at revolusjonen og partiets fiender ikke var
venstrelinja, men representanter for den linja som sitter med makten i
den “Demokratiske Folkerepublikken Korea” den dag i dag.</p>
<p>Som et resultat av hele skandalen, surnet forholdet mellom Kinas
Kommunistiske Parti og Koreas Arbeiderparti. Om det enda ikke var klart
for den internasjonale kommunistiske bevegelsen, kom tiden bare til å
videre bekrefte hvilken side ledersjiktet i Koreas Arbeiderparti sto på.</p>
<h2> Ettertiden</h2>
<p> I 1966 ble den Store Proletariske Kulturrevolusjonen innledet i
Kina, og den kom til å sende sjokkbølger over hele verden. Den røde
linja i den internasjonale kommunistiske bevegelsen kom til å spre seg
som ild i tørt gress. Overalt skalv revisjonister og byråkrater av
frykt. Den koreanske ledelsen var intet unntak. I en samtale med en
sovjetisk ambassadør i oktober 1966, uttalte Kim Il-sung: </p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p> […] den ‘Store Kulturrevolusjonen’ kan ha en stor innflytelse på partiet vårt.<span id="easy-footnote-18-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-18-12817" data-hasqtip="17" oldtitle="<a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114570.pdf?v=9100c07716552633cc2ca1f157a64f9e">The DPRK Attitude Toward the So-called &#8216;Cultural Revolution&#8217; in China</a>, side 3." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-17"><sup>18</sup></a></span></p></blockquote>
<p> Og i november samme år: </p>
<blockquote class="wp-block-quote"><p> Den Store Proletariske Kulturrevolusjonen skremmer oss virkelig.<span id="easy-footnote-19-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-19-12817" data-hasqtip="18" oldtitle="Ibid, side 2." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-18"><sup>19</sup></a></span></p></blockquote>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12827" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C525&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?resize=1160%2C762&ssl=1 1160w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C79&ssl=1 120w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C59&ssl=1 90w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C210&ssl=1 320w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/kulturrevolusjonen-demo-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C368&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="1200" height="788"><figcaption>Titusenvis i gatene på en demonstrasjon under kulturrevolusjonen.</figcaption></figure>
<p> I frykt for at bølgen med opprør skulle spre seg til Korea, og at de
skulle få sin egen kulturrevolusjon å hanskes med, satte den koreanske
ledelsen i gang tiltak for å ytterligere styrke makten sin i staten og
partiet.<span id="easy-footnote-20-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><span class="easy-footnote"><a href="#easy-footnote-bottom-20-12817" data-hasqtip="19" oldtitle="Ibid, side 2." title="" aria-describedby="qtip-19"><sup>20</sup></a></span></p>
<p>Om ikke den koreanske ledelsen var revisjonister og
kapitalistvandrere, om ikke den koreanske staten var fylt av byråkrater,
eller om ikke grasrota i partiet enda hadde en venstreopposisjon – da
hadde ikke Kim Il-sung og høyrelinja hatt noen verdens ting å frykte.</p>
<p>I lys av partiledelsens reaksjoner mot kulturrevolusjonen, kommer det
ikke som noe sjokk at de ønsket kontrarevolusjonen i Kina velkommen med
åpne armer. Da kapitalistvandrerne ledet av Deng Xiaoping kuppet
makten, kom nemlig forholdet mellom “Koreas Arbeiderparti” og “Kinas
Kommunistiske Parti” til å forbedre seg for første gang på over tjue år.</p>
<figure class="wp-block-image alignwide size-large"><img loading="lazy" src="Augustepisoden%20Kampen%20mot%20h%C3%B8yrelinja%20i%20Koreas%20Arbeiderparti%20%E2%80%93%20Tjen%20Folket%20Media_files/deng-og-kim-artikkel.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-12828" srcset="https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?w=1200&ssl=1 1200w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?resize=800%2C565&ssl=1 800w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?resize=1160%2C820&ssl=1 1160w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?resize=120%2C85&ssl=1 120w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?resize=90%2C64&ssl=1 90w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?resize=320%2C226&ssl=1 320w, https://i1.wp.com/tjen-folket.no/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/deng-og-kim-artikkel.jpg?resize=560%2C396&ssl=1 560w" sizes="(max-width: 1160px) 100vw, 1160px" width="1200" height="848"><figcaption>Deng Xiaoping (t.v.) og Kim Il-sung (t.h.) i 1987.</figcaption></figure>
<h2>Referanser</h2>
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<!-- /wp:paragraph --><ol class="easy-footnotes-wrapper"><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-1-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 6.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-1-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-2-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://books.google.no/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118&lpg=PT118&dq=%22Mu+Ch%C5%8Fng%22+%22purge%22&source=bl&ots=QuazMR0SKP&sig=ACfU3U1lfPKPoiidMJb3j_FkxkLGXLZNlA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi64fOnmqzoAhXikIsKHXGhDAMQ6AEwBHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Mu%20Ch%C5%8Fng%22%20%22purge%22&f=false">A misunderstood friendship : Mao Zedong, Kim Il-Sung, and Sino-North Korean relations, 1949-1976</a><a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-2-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-3-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 7.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-3-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-4-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 10.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-4-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-5-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>Ibid, side 10.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-5-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-6-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 10.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-6-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-7-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>Ibid, side 11.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-7-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-8-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>Ibid, side 11. <a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-8-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-9-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120175.pdf?v=f81ee1c00f322b47b87d5852e78ddcaa">Draft of a Statement by Yun Gong-heum at the CC Plenum of the Korean Workers’ Party in August 1956</a>, side 2.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-9-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-10-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 11.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-10-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-11-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114132.pdf?v=ad38bf8a15c6aea7e57c4fcfb4095351">Memorandum of Conversation with Choe Chang-ik</a>, side 2.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-11-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-12-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 18.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-12-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-13-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 12.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-13-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-14-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>Ibid, side 12.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-14-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-15-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 14.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-15-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-16-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://books.google.no/books?id=yEyWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=choe+chang-ik+disappeared&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj50dqO3rDoAhUriIsKHUB4B1kQ6AEIOzAC#v=onepage&q=choe%20chang-ik%20disappeared&f=false">Inside North Korea’s Theocracy: The Rise and Sudden Fall of Jang Song-thaek</a>, side 33.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-16-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-17-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 15.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-17-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-18-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114570.pdf?v=9100c07716552633cc2ca1f157a64f9e">The DPRK Attitude Toward the So-called ‘Cultural Revolution’ in China</a>, side 3.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-18-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-19-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>Ibid, side 2.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-19-12817"></a></li><li class="easy-footnote-single"><span id="easy-footnote-bottom-20-12817" class="easy-footnote-margin-adjust"></span>Ibid, side 2.<a class="easy-footnote-to-top" href="#easy-footnote-20-12817"></a></li></ol>
</section>
<section class="post-tags"><h5>Related Topics</h5><ul><li><a href="https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/tag/hoyreopportunisme/" rel="tag">Høyreopportunisme</a></li><li><a href="https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/tag/nord-korea-nb/" rel="tag">Nord-Korea</a></li><li><a href="https://tjen-folket.no/index.php/tag/tolinjekamp/" rel="tag">Tolinjekamp</a></li></ul></section>
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border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-1-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://books.google.no/books?id=ZWNbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT118&lpg=PT118&dq=%22Mu+Ch%C5%8Fng%22+%22purge%22&source=bl&ots=QuazMR0SKP&sig=ACfU3U1lfPKPoiidMJb3j_FkxkLGXLZNlA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi64fOnmqzoAhXikIsKHXGhDAMQ6AEwBHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Mu%20Ch%C5%8Fng%22%20%22purge%22&f=false">A misunderstood friendship : Mao Zedong, Kim Il-Sung, and Sino-North Korean relations, 1949-1976</a></div></div><div id="qtip-2" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-2-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="2" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-2-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 7.</div></div><div id="qtip-3" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-3-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="3" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-3-content" aria-atomic="true">International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 10.</div></div><div id="qtip-4" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-4-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="4" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-4-content" aria-atomic="true">Ibid, side 10.</div></div><div id="qtip-5" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-5-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="5" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-5-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 10.</div></div><div id="qtip-6" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-6-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="6" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-6-content" aria-atomic="true">Ibid, side 11.</div></div><div id="qtip-7" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-7-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="7" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-7-content" aria-atomic="true">Ibid, side 11. </div></div><div id="qtip-8" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-8-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="8" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-8-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120175.pdf?v=f81ee1c00f322b47b87d5852e78ddcaa">Draft of a Statement by Yun Gong-heum at the CC Plenum of the Korean Workers’ Party in August 1956</a>, side 2.</div></div><div id="qtip-9" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-9-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="9" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-9-content" aria-atomic="true">International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 11.</div></div><div id="qtip-10" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-10-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="10" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-10-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114132.pdf?v=ad38bf8a15c6aea7e57c4fcfb4095351">Memorandum of Conversation with Choe Chang-ik</a>, side 2.</div></div><div id="qtip-11" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-11-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="11" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-11-content" aria-atomic="true">International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 18.</div></div><div id="qtip-12" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-12-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="12" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-12-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/120173.pdf?v=8a5c2244ab6308a09e958db84b957977">Letter from Seo Hwi, Yun Gong-heum, Li Pil-gyu, and Kim Gwan to the Chinese Communist Party Central Committee</a>, side 12.</div></div><div id="qtip-13" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-13-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="13" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-13-content" aria-atomic="true">Ibid, side 12.</div></div><div id="qtip-14" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-14-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="14" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-14-content" aria-atomic="true">International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 14.</div></div><div id="qtip-15" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-15-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="15" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-15-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://books.google.no/books?id=yEyWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33&dq=choe+chang-ik+disappeared&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj50dqO3rDoAhUriIsKHUB4B1kQ6AEIOzAC#v=onepage&q=choe%20chang-ik%20disappeared&f=false">Inside North Korea’s Theocracy: The Rise and Sudden Fall of Jang Song-thaek</a>, side 33.</div></div><div id="qtip-16" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-16-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="16" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-16-content" aria-atomic="true">International Journal of Korean History (Vol.17 No.2, Aug.2012), <a href="https://ijkh.khistory.org/upload/pdf/17-2-3.pdf">“The August Incident” and the Destiny of the Yanan Faction*</a>, side 15.</div></div><div id="qtip-17" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-17-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="17" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-17-content" aria-atomic="true"><a href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114570.pdf?v=9100c07716552633cc2ca1f157a64f9e">The DPRK Attitude Toward the So-called ‘Cultural Revolution’ in China</a>, side 3.</div></div><div id="qtip-18" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-18-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="18" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-18-content" aria-atomic="true">Ibid, side 2.</div></div><div id="qtip-19" class="qtip qtip-default qtip-bootstrap qtip-pos-tc qtip-fixed" tracking="false" role="alert" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="false" aria-describedby="qtip-19-content" aria-hidden="true" data-qtip-id="19" style=""><div class="qtip-tip" style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px; line-height: 8px; left: 50%; margin-left: -4px; top: -8px;"><canvas style="background-color: transparent !important; border: 0px none !important; width: 8px; height: 8px;" width="8" height="8"></canvas></div><div class="qtip-content" id="qtip-19-content" aria-atomic="true">Ibid, side 2.</div></div><div><div class="grecaptcha-badge" data-style="bottomright" style="width: 256px; height: 60px; display: block; transition: right 0.3s ease 0s; position: fixed; bottom: 14px; 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